The publications behind every recommendation in this tool, in Vancouver format. The primary guideline is listed first.
Publications used in this tool
1American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee. Recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2026.
Primary guidelineThe source document โ defines RPL, the stepwise testing algorithm, and all treatment recommendations surfaced by this tool.
2Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, et al. The international glossary on infertility and fertility care, 2017. Fertil Steril 2017;108:393โ406.
DefinitionSource of the <22-week threshold ASRM uses to define pregnancy loss.
3Brigham SA, Conlon C, Farquharson RG. A longitudinal study of pregnancy outcome following idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2868โ71.
PrognosisBasis for the 50โ80% spontaneous live-birth rate in unexplained RPL.
4Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L. Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1997;12:387โ9.
Prognosis ยท supportive careSupports the high background success rate and the role of supportive care.
5Kutteh WH, Papas RS, Maisenbacher MK, Dahdouh EM. Role of genetic analysis of products of conception and PGT in managing early pregnancy loss. Reprod Biomed Online 2024;49:103738.
GeneticsAneuploidy ~50% (<35y) rising to ~75% (>40y); supports miscarriage tissue testing.
6Popescu F, Jaslow CR, Kutteh WH. RPL evaluation combined with 24-chromosome microarray of miscarriage tissue provides a probable or definite cause of pregnancy loss in over 90% of patients. Hum Reprod 2018;33:579โ87.
Diagnostic yieldMicroarray of tissue explains >90% of losses; supports array-based testing.
7Venetis CA, Papadopoulos SP, Campo R, et al. Clinical implications of congenital uterine anomalies: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. Reprod Biomed Online 2014;29:665โ83.
Uterine anomaliesQuantifies miscarriage risk with septate/bicornuate uteri; supports cavity evaluation.
8Practice Committee of the ASRM. Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for uterine septum: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2024;122:251โ65.
GuidelineBasis for offering hysteroscopic septum incision in shared decision-making.
9Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:295โ306.
APS criteriaClinical/laboratory criteria that trigger APS testing in this tool.
10Dong AC, Morgan J, Kane M, Stagnaro-Green A, Stephenson MD. Subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity in recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2020;113:587โ600.
ThyroidSCH prevalence in RPL 12.9%; thyroid autoimmunity OR 1.94 (1.43โ2.64).
11Dhillon-Smith RK, Middleton LJ, Sunner KK, et al. Levothyroxine in women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies before conception. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1316โ25.
RCT โ no benefitNo benefit of levothyroxine in euthyroid TPO-antibody-positive women.
12Quenby S, Odendaal J, Black N, et al. Double-blind RCT of doxycycline in women with recurrent miscarriage and chronic endometritis: the CERM trial. Hum Reprod 2025;40:deaf097.023.
RCT โ no benefitNo difference in miscarriage or live birth with doxycycline for chronic endometritis.
13McQueen DB, Zhang J, Robins JC. Sperm DNA fragmentation and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2019;112:54โ60.
Male factorHigher sperm DNA fragmentation in male partners of women with RPL.
14Zhao Q, He J. Efficacy and safety of metformin in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022;38:558โ68.
MetforminMetformin reduced early miscarriage 6.58% vs 18.35% (RR 0.40) in PCOS.
15Coomarasamy A, Williams H, Truchanowicz E, et al. A randomized trial of progesterone in women with recurrent miscarriages (PROMISE). N Engl J Med 2015;373:2141โ8.
RCTFirst-trimester vaginal progesterone did not increase live birth in unexplained RPL.
16Coomarasamy A, Devall AJ, Cheed V, et al. A randomized trial of progesterone in women with bleeding in early pregnancy (PRISM). N Engl J Med 2019;380:1815โ24.
RCTSubgroup with prior loss + bleeding showed a small significant live-birth benefit.
17Bhatt SJ, Marchetto NM, Roy J, Morelli SS, McGovern PG. IVF-FET with or without PGT-A in women with recurrent pregnancy loss: a SART-CORS study. Hum Reprod 2021;36:2339โ44.
PGT-ARegistry analysis informing the age-stratified PGT-A discussion.
18Shehata H, Ali A, Silva-Edge M, et al. Thrombophilia screening in women with recurrent first trimester miscarriage. BMJ Open 2022;12:e059519.
ThrombophiliaThrombophilia prevalence in RPL equals the general population โ testing not recommended.
19Kaandorp SP, Goddijn M, van der Post JAM, et al. Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE). N Engl J Med 2010;362:1586โ96.
RCT โ no benefitNo live-birth benefit of anticoagulation in unexplained RPL.
All clinical recommendations, thresholds, and figures in this tool are drawn directly from the ASRM 2026 Committee Opinion and the supporting studies it cites. No values are extrapolated beyond the published findings.